Influence of the Modernist Ideal City

Impact of the Modernist Ideal City The impact of the pioneer perfect city, on urban structure and ace arranging Presentation This exposition will concentrate because of Modernist Ideal City development. From the outset demonstrating that comprehension of social, political and monetary foundation is important, alongside contemporary mechanical impacts. Furthermore, the reason, standards and consequences of the development will be shown. At that point utilizing the contextual investigation Brasilia exhibits the impact of the innovator perfect city. At last, a basic perspective on memorable and fate of the development will be given. Foundation At the time of Early twentieth, in the vast majority of western nations, the mechanical upset was dropping towards the end. With the advancement of innovation and the expansion of the social riches, the number of inhabitants in 1800 1880 1910 Standards 647,000 2,200,000 3,000,000 London 800,000 3,800,000 7,200,000 Berlin 182,000 1,840,000 3,400,000 New York 60,000 2,800,000 4,500,000 Europe drastically raised (figure 1). The contemporary urban communities couldn't stand the weight of the populace blast. A progression of issue showed up, disorder, stuffing, low productivity, genuine contamination, high thickness, slender roads and absence of daylight all undermine people groups life quality particularly for lower class individuals. (Eagerness 1996, 70) Social clash loved a delayed bomb holding tight the sky of the city. As Le Corbusier saidif we can't suit to the circumstance of the new pattern, the urban areas can't meet the necessities of present day way of life (Corbusier 1987, 84). Right now, after the World War 1 (WW1), the Europe came back to harmony. An extraordinary revamping process started structures, and entire urban communities should have been reconstructed. As of now, innovation was crucial to accelerate this typically moderate procedure. Express train and vehicle speeded up the movement; phone and radio diminish the driving time and high rises expanded the city thickness. Then again, the pioneer standards as of now were advanced. Both the genuine circumstance sponsored up and affected by the hypothesis essential allowed individuals the chance to reexamine the city of tomorrow. Finally,urban utopias rose as the time requires, and Le Corbusier’s innovator perfect city is one of the most critical parts (Hall 2011, 11-18, 28). The type of the pioneer perfect city planned to improve soundness of residents, diminish driving occasions, make increasingly open space and get more daylight, along these lines le Corbusier needed to settle the social clash (Greed 1996, 101-102). In 1914, Le Corbusier expressed the Dom-ino House (figure 2). It is made of fortify cement and it dismiss the customary burden bearing divider. The casing structure liberates the inner space which can be partitioned unreservedly. minimal effort, advantageous, consistency and normalization every one of those figures show why He accepted the Dom-ino framework can meet the people’s necessities after WW1 (Frampton 2001, 21-22). In 1922, Le Corbusier distributed an outline of a contemporary city with 3,000,000 occupants. What's more, it was the first run through for Le Corbusier to portray an entire perfect city. He looked through an unadulterated system request. In his eyes, mankind would lost from tumult however restore from the unadulterated request. So as to communicate the request, unadulterated structures was utilized by le Corbusier. All the components of city, for example, houses, streets, ventures, workplaces even human were characterized by work (Corbusier 1987, 15). The entire city was arranged by away from of class; individuals were partitioned into three sections, residents, rural tenants and the blended sort individuals. Approximately 400,000 to 600,000 residents who were treated as urban elites lived in the 24 60-story high rises in the downtown area. In Corbusier’s conclusion these high rises were vertical boulevards, which contain shops, inns, and so on. Moreover, they just secured ab out 15% territory of the whole city, which significantly increment the thickness. Simultaneously, thought about nature contamination and human needs, the rest 85% of ground ought to be free for green terrains. The regular workers (around 2,000,000) was wanted to live in the nursery city, which was impact by the nursery city development (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). Then again, quick traffic assumed a significant job in the city. He (Corbusier 1987, 191) brought up â€Å"that the city which can make speed will accomplishes progress and this is a conspicuous truth.† The entire city was associated by transportation framework. Furthermore, organizer utilized balanced framework of lanes to supplant customary â€Å"corridor street†. Two extraordinary blood vessel parkways ran north and south, and east and west meeting at the specific focal point of the city (Corbusier 1987, 163-176). As a rule, the entire city filled in as an enormous machine. In 1932, Le Corbusier demonstrated an additionally brave outline The Radiant City that was more dictator and more libertarian than the Plan Voisin. The guideline of configuration is existenzminimum (Corbusier 1976, 6-7). Each building would be carefully structured on the human scale. Besides, the brilliant city has no class divisions. The entirety of the individuals live in skyscraper condo squares â€Å"Unità ©s†. Each square planned for 2,700 individuals and included individual help and open offices, for example, shops, café, pools and exercise centers (Corbusier 1967, 162). So as to maintain a strategic distance from waste, the size of the loft was chosen by the family’s needs not class. Structures raised on pilotis free the ground land and would be advantage to quick traffic and green land. Balanced network of parkway associated the entire enemy of road city (Frampton 2001, 51). Same as the Dom-ino house, the brilliant city from a solitary space to a whole city ap plies minimal effort and large scale manufacturing strategies. Likewise, these squares just secured about 12% land. The rest territory 100% ground region in addition to 12% top zone of structures were made up the green city. South-bound glass divider, rooftop porches and huge open space made the city progressively brilliant (Corbusier 1976, 44, 163). At the next years, Four Unitã © d’Habitations were worked in UK including Park Hill, Sheffield, Alton West, Roehampton, Barbican, London, and South Acton Estate, London. By and large, the innovator perfect city could be portrayed a request city; a practical city; a machine city; a tall building city; a green city; a brilliant city and a quick traffic city. Contextual investigation There is no different urban areas can totally show Corbusier’s thoughts preferred Brasilia, despite the fact that he wasn’t engaged with the plan (Hall 2002, 230).From 1956 to 1960, so as to limit the hole among rich and poor and fortify the advancement of inside territory, another capital-Brasilia that was structured by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyerhas been manufactured. (Epstein 1973, 9) Brasilia as an absolutely new capital, without authentic setting, typifies an image of the cutting edge development (Hall 2002, 232). It implies that costa got the most obvious opportunity to try to an unadulterated request preferred Corbusier. This request can be demonstrated that the entire arrangement was axisymmetric and was isolated distinctive zone by its capacity and neighborhood, working region and relaxation territory was connected by quick traffic (Evenson 1973, 146-153). In subtleties dragonfly, winged animal, plane, body and fuselage consistently are utilized to portray a nd design the Brasilia. Approximately 10 kilometers amazing hub connect east and west. From east to west, individually, were administrative structures, uniform office squares and train station. The uniformrectangle private districtthat included shops, condos and so on were situated at the two sides of the breeze shape north-south hub. What's more, the association of the two tomahawks was called rodoviaria that was planned as a focal point of business, culture and diversion. Likewise, fake lakes were encircled north, east and south, zoo and sequential little production lines were close to prepare station (Issitt 2014). When all is said in done we can say, affected by pioneer perfect city, Brasilia is a request, utilitarian, green fly extremely mechanized city. However,same as the hypothesis of innovator perfect city, pundits of Brasilia never prevent from the principal day of it manufactured. With the improvement of city, a lot of issues rises. Truth be told, individuals are not ready to live in Brasilia. In 2000, the number of inhabitants in Brasilia was above dazzling 2,000,000 residents which was multiple times more than starting point plan. However about 75% lived in outside of arranging region, which, execute low thickness of populace. In light of Brasilia being so mechanized, and broadly enormous, it is practically difficult to venture to every part of the city by foot. Also because of the inflexible practical zone, human conduct was firmly administered (Evenson 1973, 118). End As I would like to think, the pioneer perfect city development was the result of period. What's more, the structure of Brasilia was an extraordinary test, which effectively demonstrated that the hypothesis of innovator perfect city can't thoroughly suit to a genuine world. The reality demonstrated that the pioneer perfect city is gorgeous yet not handy. By and by, Le Corbusier was conflicting, he objectively arranged the entire city yet perceptually needed to pulverize the first city; he soundly managed practices of human yet perceptually imagined that everybody has similar necessities; he sanely regarded house as a machine however perceptually regarded human as a machine as well. Moreover, the most dubious point is that the innovator perfect city is a despotic city that doesn't leave any space to different prospects. It is an extraordinary response for le Corbusier (Marshall 2009, 38). Be that as it may, nobody can disregard the overall impact of the development particularly in post -war time, we can in any case discover the shadow of Le Corbusier in numerous cutting edge urban communities, for example, London, Canberra, shanghai, and so on. With time passes by, different developments of urban stoop rose. Individuals, these days, arrive at an agreement that we have to discover an equalization point between economy, condition and social prosperity and assemble a manageable city. References Clara H. Eagerness, Introducing town arranging (Harlow: Longman,

The First Presidential Debate in 2000

Just because up close and personal the principal discussion of the 2000 presidential political decision was held at the grounds of the University of Massachusetts. For an hour and a half the previous evening, Democratic applicant Vice President Al Gore and Republican Candidate Governor of Texas George W. Shrubbery struggled each other over tax breaks, doctor prescribed medications, Social Security, vitality arrangement, premature birth, and training. On issues, for example, tax breaks, the Vice President proposed an arrangement, which cut expenses for working class families, balance financial plans each year, and pay down the national obligation. He blamed the Governor for cutting duties for just the wealthiest 1% of the populace. Gore†s plan was for each $1 given to things like training and wellbeing, another $1 would be given for working class tax reductions, and for each dollar spent there, $2 would be exhausted to cut down the national obligation. Carnage felt that it was essential to oppose wasting the spending excess. He likewise felt the flourishing ought to be utilized to enhance families and assist guardians with reinforcing families, ensuring the schools they went to were sheltered, and forestalling introduction to â€Å"cultural pollution.† Representative Bush†s sees on tax reductions varied. His proposition was to put one half towards Social Security, one fourth towards significant tasks and the staying one fourth to the individuals who take care of the tabs. Likewise blaming Gore for â€Å"Medi Scare,† he said he would ensure all seniors have Medicare and an assortment of alternatives to look over. He additionally proposed an arrangement, Immediate Helping Hand, in which seniors could get prompt social insurance in the event that they required it. Carnage restricted his Medicare installment plan saying that it would neglect to help seniors for the initial four to five years and that Bush†s plan spends â€Å"more cash on tax breaks for the wealthiest one percent, than all the spending he proposes for training, medicinal services, doctor prescribed medications and national guard combined.† He likewise had a lot to state about the vitality emergency. He needs to investigate neighborhoods gas and oil, accordingly lessening reliance upon remote sources. Violence concurred that dependence abroad for oil ought to be decreased yet had something different as a primary concern to lessen it. He proposed the possibility of new trucks, vehicles, and hardware that decreases contamination and uses less vitality. Shrubbery felt that we should, as opposed to import one million barrels of oil a day from Saddam Hussein, drill the oil here. He needs to likewise join Canada and Mexico in investigating the land for oil saves. Out of the considerable number of remarks that Bush made about Gore the previous evening, the most unmistakable one likely was the point at which he continued inquiring as to why Gore†s needs haven†t been practiced at this point. For instance, on physician recommended drugs, he stated, † It appears they can†t get it done† And on vitality approach to forestall future deficiencies he said,† He ought to have been handling it for as long as seven years.† Another would be when Gore figured it out on Bush†s charge plan and showed why it would not be a decent choice, Bush answered that he was doing â€Å"fuzzy math.† and â€Å"phony numbers† They couldn†t even concede to the size of the tax reduction. Shrubbery said that he would return $1.3 trillion of the anticipated ten-year spending surplus to citizens. Carnage said it would be $600 billion more than that.

Where to Find Good Columbia University Essay Samples

Where to Find Good Columbia University Essay SamplesWriting an essay for the Columbia University admissions test can be a daunting experience for many students. Knowing where to find good essay samples, and how to write one effectively, is a skill that you must develop in order to be a successful student.Writing an essay for the Columbia University admissions test is not something that you should rush into. You must put in your best effort, and you must take your time when writing the essay. There are so many different variations of essays to choose from, you will want to research what style of essay you want to write and how to write it.Good Columbia University essay samples can be found on the Internet. Many online colleges offer free admission test sample essays, and there are many of these. These essays are available at the same time you are testing for Columbia, so you can study the different styles and options available for essay writing. Knowing how to write an essay is import ant in college, so the essay samples you are given should be excellent.The first thing you should do is read as many samples as you can, and take notes on the style, and the writing style. A lot of college essays are very similar in style, but there are also some differences. The way you write an essay for the Columbia University admissions test may very. You need to choose which type of essay writing that you want to do, and you need to choose which style you are going to write it in.Some writing strategies will not work for you, as your writing style may not mesh with the style. You need to start off with an essay sample that you like, and that you know how to write in. It is best to give yourself plenty of time to read and study essays for Columbia University before you actually go through with the writing process.One thing that you need to consider when choosing the essay samples for your college admissions test is the subject of the essay. Some people prefer to write an essay t hat is more personal, while others prefer to write about more general topics. Some students write about subjects that they do not really know much about, but the essay samples they are given often try to highlight the student's knowledge of the subject, rather than their real ability to write about it.One way to make sure that the essay samples you are reading are well written is to try to find a few that are similar to yours. If you find one that you like, read the sample over several times, and then write your own version of the essay. Think about what is important to you, and the things that you want to cover in the essay. Even if you are a very good writer, there are some things that are just too big for your little brain, and you need help.When writing a college essay, it is hard to come up with your own ideas. The best way to avoid this is to find a few tips on how to write essays that are easy to follow, and that you know how to write. College essays are hard enough without h aving to use a guidebook, or someone else's essay for the test!

exemplification essay - 653 Words

Oct. 30, 2013 Prof. Farve Exemplification Essay Types of Irony Is it strange how love can be a source of happiness, but also cause a lot of pain? Yet people tend to search for love, and once these people find love it comes with both pleasure and ache. Irony plays a role in love because love is what people perceive as joy but also causes hurt, yet people still search for love. In Kate Chopin’s Story of an Hour, there are different forms of literary, situational, and dramatic irony used. The first type of irony which Kate Chopin uses is literary irony. Literary irony is expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite. In The Story of an Hour, Louise says that her husband Brently is†¦show more content†¦In the end of The Story of an Hour, Louise walks down stairs to see that Brently is actually alive which causes Louise to fall into severe devastation and die. The last type of irony used in The Story of an Hour is dramatic irony. Dramatic irony occurs when the meaning of the s ituation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. When the doctor in the story says, â€Å"She had died of heart disease, of a joy that kills.† The characters in the story, Josephine and Richards, think Louise died out of joy when Brently is actually found to be alive rather than dead. This realization causes Louise to fall into desolation and die because now she cannot live her life freely. Dramatic irony also occurs when Josephine thinks Louise is sick in her room when she is really experiencing joy. This falls under dramatic irony because Josephine thinks Louise is becoming sick due to Brently’s death, but the audience reading the story know that Louise is actually full of joy. In The Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin uses these different types of literary, situational, and dramatic irony in her story. Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning, but there are also other types of irony such as sit uational which is situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended. On the other hand, dramatic irony isShow MoreRelatedExemplification Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesKandace Gordon Exemplification Essay Another minor dispute has escalated into yelling and screaming, throwing of objects and breaking of hearts. Words that shouldn’t be expressed between two loving people cause tears and feelings of hatred, anger and disrespect. This is just one of many problems that could have been effortlessly resolved before the mole hill grew to the size of Mt. Everest but of course walking away from the situation isn’t always the easiest thing to do. If she only turned herRead More Exemplification Essay: Welfare, A Vicious Circle1427 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Its Dianas turn at the tiny glass window. 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Importance Of Outsourcing Of Logistics Function - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4251 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Outsourcing and 3PL, as important business functions, have drawn attention of business operators as well as academic and scholars. A large number of studies have analyzed these areas from a theoretical perspective and a practical point of view. This section will start with the review of outsourcing regarding its definition and importance as well as motivations and concerns. Then, based on the correlation between outsourcing and 3PL, the section presents the concepts of 3PL and most challenges 3PL providers are facing. Lastly, the section shows what could be the current situation of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 3PL industry. Outsourcing of logistics function 2.1.1 Definition and importance Razzaque and Sheng (1998) defined outsourcing as multiple logistics services provided by a single vendor on a contractual basis. Outsourcing is becoming more important today. Due to economic and competitive pressures, it is imperative for different enterprises to pay attention to their core competencies and turn to third-parties to undertake responsibility for other secondary corporate functions. Outsourcing can create profits by improving customer service level, providing high added-value to products, benefiting in exploiting new markets, and offering dedicated resources (Foster and Muller, 1990). By means of outsourcing, companies can obtain competitive advantage through cost reduction and increased responsiveness to market change. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance Of Outsourcing Of Logistics Function" essay for you Create order Motivation of outsourcing Several reasons lead private business as well as government agencies to outsource logistics functions: Avoid Capital expenditures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It reduces capital investment in facilities (Richardson, 1995). This allows the using firm to spending where it can get the best return as in research, manufacturing, marketing, or other functions core to the organization. Increase flexibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" This can enable firms to focus on the core business, question any function or department that is not producing revenue and adapt to changes in the market and access to leading edge technology. A third-party will be invited to help a company when demand increase dramatically beyond the capability of the company to fulfill (Razzaque and Sheng, 1998). Many 3PL providers specialize in logistics functions such as transportation, warehousing management and information technology. Cost savings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" To save costs is identified by most literature as one of the most popular reasons for why outsourcing occurs. In principle, outsourcing will occur to companies for cost reduction when their suppliers offer a service for a low price which however still can cover added overhead, profit, and transaction costs (Harler, 2000). Those companies which outsource their logistics functions to 3PL service providers usually agree that it is more cost saving than to fulfill the same logistics task in-house (Candler, 1994). According to Bradley (1995a), there are some other reasons of logistics outsourcing such as improving service level and customer satisfaction, using 3PL providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s logistics IT systems, acquiring outside sophisticated professionals, combining service and minifying number of suppliers, integrating the process of supply chain, and increasing productivity. Concerns of outsourcing Despite the fact that outsourcing is now favored by most organizations, there are still many recognized potential barriers and problems related to outsourcing. Normally the most mentioned reservation which restrains enterprises from employing 3PL service providers is loss of control of 3PLs (Richardson, 1993a). Such tendency can be caused by different objectives and attitudes of the logistics service providers and users towards strategy, profits and service or skills (Axelrod, 2004, p49). The adoption of outsourcing might also lead to a situation in which critical knowledge associated with process and customers would leak to potential competitors (Jennings, 2002). Moreover, unrealized savings with a potential for increased costs, employee moral problems, losing touch with important information, unreliable promises of the providers, their inability to respond to changing requirements have been mentioned as potential risks as well. Each of these concerns should be recognized carefully by organizations that intend to outsource their logistics function, otherwise contract logistics can be another issue to deal with, rather than a catalyst or improvement (Razzaque and Sheng, 1998). Third-Party Logistics 2.2.1 Concept of 3PL à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Third party logistics serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? has been described in a few ways, including outsourcing of one single service such as transportation, and outsourcing of a set of complicated processs (Vasiliauskas Barysiene, 2008). Generally, 3PL provide not only just separate warehouse or transport functions but also multiple, bundled services (Leahy et al., 1995). It is also worth mentioned that freight forwarders and shipping lines are included in broad definitions of the 3PL industry (Rao and Young, 1994). On the basis of above definitions, Leib et al. (1993) used the following definition: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Third-party logistics involves the use of external companies to perform logistics functions that have traditionally been performed within an organization. The functions performed by the third party can encompass the entire logistics process or selected activities within that process.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The authors refer to the 3PL as a new industry and growing business environment has more expectations on 3PL. The usage of 3PL has been considered as logistics alliances at strategic level. Bagchi and Virum (1996, p.193) have developed the following definitions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A logistics alliance indicates a close and long-term, relationship between a customer and a provider encompassing the delivery of a wide array of logistics needs. In a logistics alliance, the parties ideally consider each other as partners. They collaborate in understanding and defining the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s logistics need. Both partners participate in designing and developing logistics solutions and measuring performance. The goal of the relationship is to develop a win-win arrangement.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Compared with the prior definition, which focuses on the logistics functional activities, the final one emphasizes the duration of the relationship between the logistics service provider and user, and also covers an extensive range of promising logistics services (Halldorsson Larsen, 2004). Many articles have disclosed that 3PL industry has progressed steadily for ages (Liu, 2008). 3PL providers started as a traditional transportation or warehousing service providers from 1980s. Nowadays, 3PL companies provide a variety services including basis logistics service as well as value added services. Main challenges to 3PL service providers As the 3PL industry has continued to evolve, the 3PL provider, sitting in the middle between the manufacturers or suppliers (the buyers of the 3PL service, known as shippers) and the end customers (the consumer of the products), will need to balance the dynamic pulls generated by upstream and downstream entities, and thus faces challenges are unique to its position. Financial issues Although 3PL providers should develop skills, improve competencies, and provide more value-added service so as to survive and expand business successfully in this flourishing market, the main challenge for them is how to obtain business and achieve acceptable financial performance. Maintain profits under price pressures from customers The economic crisis has caused serious situations for both 3PL users and providers -82 percent of shippers now are implementing cost-cutting strategies and 60 percents are reconsidering their supply chain and relationships with 3PLs accordingly (Capgemini Consulting et al, 2009). As a matter fact, economic factor is a strong motivation for outsourcing, of which cost reduction and cost saving are the main concerns. One of the most significant motivations for outsourcing logistics functions to third parties is their professional knowledge and valuable experience in logistics industry which are costly for their customers to have in-house (Byrne, 1993). However, the decision of employing 3PL providers is usually influenced by the evaluation of cost/service trade-offs (Selviaridis and Spring, 2007). Hence, no matter what strategic stances the logistics providers take, they have to keep upgrading and improving their operational potentialities in the business environment (Sum Teo, 1999). Meanwhile, as price competition is inevitable and most customers are also price sensitive at present, 3PL providers still need to be cost conscious to achieve higher margins, and to prevent themselves from being priced out of the market. Financial stability Many articles have placed emphasis on financial firmness as a critical essential for logistics providers (Bottani Rizzi, 2006). Based on the empirical survey conducted by Boyson et al. (1999) financial stability was ranked as the most significant selection criteria for choosing 3PL providers because it reduce the risk in relationship. A 3PL services provider with stable financial standing can not only better satisfy its clients and implement cost reduction through a dedicated resource, but also diminish risks for logistics partners (Bowersox Daugherty, 1990). Accordingly, Boyson et al. (1999) assert that firms prefer providers demonstrating outstanding customer service level with low price and possessing solid financial stability. Nevertheless, the financial tsunami which has weighted down the world economy has resulted in steep decreasing in logistics demand with no doubt. On the one hand, according to Li Fung Research Center (2009), the clients of the logistics enterprises asked for price cut and longer credit term, and it is difficult for them to collect the payments form clients during such hard times. Bad debts and financial losses will be easily incurred by any imprudent credit management. On the other hand, the confidence for the banks to lend had been damaged by the tsunami. Banks are now only willing to provide loans to selected enterprises or projects, which limits the financing options of the logistics enterprises (Li Fung Research Center, 2009). Clearly, it has always been important for 3PL providers to maintain a sound financial condition to survive in the recession as well as to rise superior to others in the market. Information technology (IT) Capability of information technology IT-based logistics services is considered as significant factor by 88% of shippers, but only less than half (42%) of the shippers are satisfied with the IT capableness of their providers (Capgemini Consulting et al, 2009). Accordingly, such IT capability gap result in a few difficulties for both shippers and 3PLs to collaborate in an adaptive supply chain (Capgemini Consulting et al, 2009). Information is one of the most important elements in logistics management (Cheong, 2004) and it is definitely essential to assist logistics process with effective IT (LaLonde and Masters, 1994). IT capability can be enhanced by employing advanced software, such as electronic data interchange (EDI) networking, enterprise resource planning environments, simulation software, vehicle routing packages, carrier loading optimization tools, etc. (Qureshi et al, 2008). Hardware also may be utilized to facilitate operations and to increase the production efficiency, including radio frequency devices, servers, bar code printers and scanners, global positioning system (GPS), networking and internet/intranet connections, satellite tracking devices, etc. (Qureshi et al, 2008). 3PL services providers which adopt tracking and tracing devices can grant better services to users with quick responsiveness (Rahman, 2004). According to Byrne (1993), the need of sophisticated information technology is impe rative for logistics management to link members like manufacturer, carrier and customer in the supply chain. Sauvage (2003) proposed that to fully satisfy the variety of customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demand, LSPs should continuously employ advanced information technologies in order to enhance their service performance. It is unlikely for a firm which is lagging in a technology to move to a position of leadership (Jennings, 2002). Security of information systems The sharing of so much information inevitably leads to security concerns. It can not be denied that logistics service providers usually still lose customers annually due to issues of trust in privacy and security, though they keep attracting new clients (Pattel Conners, 2008). One possible mentioned security issue is that when a 3PL provider has to serve several direct competitors, the information in relation to all of them should be kept confidential (Grover et al., 1994, p. 38; Lacity and Hirschheim, 1993a, p. 24). Other than cost, security and privacy are also considered as major concerns by many companies when outsourcing. Compatibility of information systems IT compatibility acts an essential role in logistics activities such as forecasting, order purchasing, inventory replenishment and life cycle management (Anand, 2010). According to Arshinder et al. (2007), the information system of the whole supply chain is expected to be compatible. A compatible information system means comprehensible data are quickly shared among the parties throughout the supply chain (Arshinder et al, 2007) while incompatibility will lead to costly and time consuming process because information, though can be shared as well, is rarely in synchronization. At present, it is difficult for information to seamlessly flow throughout the network as international logistics often includes some different transportation modes and carriers. Moreover, there are diverse IT systems in the different trading areas. For example, Europe adopts Administration, Commerce and Transportation (EDIFACT) standards for EDI systems while the US follows the standards of the American National Standards Institute (Rao Young, 1994). These difficulties in global supply chain have challenged 3PLs regarding how to capitalize the gap to provide a distinct competitive advantage. Reliability of information systems As one of the major industry focus in the global logistics market, the field of information systems paid special attention to user satisfaction as an important performance measure (Ives and Olson, 1984; Robey and Farrow, 1982). Bailey and Pearson (1983) have pointed out that reliability is one of the critical criteria of customer satisfaction. There could be many unknown increased reliability risk which result from two major sections of technology. One is that new technology innovations or adoptions of 3PL providers may have an unclear reliability performance. The other is that an existing technology may be applied to a new market with unknown increase failure rates (Collins, 2005). To fulfill the promised logistics service reliably and exactly, 3PL providers must identify and remove uncertainty involved with technology reliability performance. Human Resource (HR) Lack of expertise There is a tendency that firms desire to acquire the expertise from third-party logistics providers who possess particular local knowledge of customs and infrastructure of destination countries in such a growing global market (Razzaque Sheng, 1999). Although one of the drivers for companies to outsource is to acquire resources and logistics professionals (Selviaridis Spring, 2007), the results of the research conducted by Georgia Institute of Technology et al. (2009) show that many outsourcing users donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t believe that 3PLs are in the capacity of strategic partners currently, 40% of shippers in the survey expect their 3PL service providers to continue focusing on execution, and a good many of them reckon that 3PL providers lack logistics expertise that would support userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s increasing outsourcing. Often-cited problems range from misunderstanding the demand of customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supply chain to inadequate professionals in given products and m arkets (Selviaridis Spring, 2007). In fact, customers are looking for 3PL providers that have expertise in multiple phases of the logistics process. An annual surveys of US 3PL firms indicates that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“company employee/expertiseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is regarded by CEOs as the most important asset of the company for business success in the competition, however those same CEOs also agree that currently the most critical problem facing 3PL companies as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“finding qualified peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Leib and Randall, 1996b). Different culture Almost all members in the supply chain, including third party, have their own company culture which is definitely different from each other (Babics, 2005). According to Pagell (2004), the capacity of how to harmonize its own internal culture with the external different cultures of its customers is one significant factor that 3PL providers should note in the integration of operational services in supply chains. Mckeon (1991) states that for both 3PL providers and their customers, understanding each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cultures and organizational structure is an essential factor to ensure a win-win outsourcing. Compatibility of culture and values is one of the keys to successful partnership which can result in long-term partnership (Qureshi et al, 2008). Culture conflicts often result in change orders, unexpected costs, and sometimes a negative impact on relationships (Kremic et al, 2006). In general, the ability of 3PL providers to understand the customer organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture is a basis for partnering. Inadequate education and training In order to remain competitive in the logistics market, 3PL providers have to be vigilant and agile to their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs, and continually seek to meet customer expectations as much as possible. Logistics executive should be aware that, due to rapid growth in the logistics industry, there could be a shortage of qualified logistics expertise (Yeung, 2006). Therefore, it is necessary for governments and educational services to allocate more resources, put logistics on formal curriculum, and provide more correlated training programs to fulfill the demand of the whole supply chain. The development of logistics, otherwise, might be constrained by lack of trained logistics personnel (Sum Teo, 1999). Ulengin and Uray (1999) indicate that in Turkey, senior management that is void of professional knowledge of logistics is the fundamental factor limiting the progress of logistics industry. Kerr (2005b) describes poor training as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“black holeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in China because neither the central government nor Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s regulatory authorities do much to promote logistics training programs. Obviously, a firm with higher quality of human resources such as better education or training will have superior core competence in the market. Hence, it is imperative for 3PL service providers to offer more training programs to employees so that they can cope with competition in the future (Wang et al, 2006) Business Landscapeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Globalization of 3PL market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" delivering service in new geographic regions The internationalization and globalization of 3PL providers has been boosted by the economies of scale and scope, by the internationalization and globalization of the competitors and by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“customer followingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? i.e. the internationalization of manufacturing firms, which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“may demand that the service supplier provides a global network and/or global experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Arvidsson, 1997, p.74). 3PL providers that take charge of their customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ outsourced logistics function normally need to build up a logistics network to deal with the flow of the goods from the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s factory to the end customers (Cheong, 2004). In current global economic environment, manufacturing companies tend to establish partnerships with 3PL service providers and they desire to cooperate with some global freight forwarding companies (Lemoine et al, 2003). 3PL service providers with well-content characteristics, such as far geographical spread and wide range of services are popular among the shippers (Qureshi, 2007). As per Bottani and Rizzi (2006), companies favor the 3PL providers with wide range of advanced services more than those traditional ones which can offer mere single logistics functional service. However, supply chain requirement keep changing. Customer demand can change in spatial and temporal terms. In response to the shippersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ new requirement, 3PL service providers endeavor to extend service coverage geographically and to expand breadth of service so that they can fulfill the interest of their customers as an integrated logistics provider (Qureshi et al, 2008) Relationship with customers 3PL service providers are normally very concerned with the relationship with their customers because they attempt to establish a long-term one with the users (Cheong, 2004). Long-term customer relationships can enable 3PLs to provide more sophisticated services, reduce the risk of replacement, achieve more earnings, and avoid expense of developing new customer (Cahill, 2006). In addition, long-term relationship is built on the basis of mutual trust and sharing of risk and reward (Qureshi et al, 2008). Bothe shipper and 3PLs will benefit from such long-term relationship (Qureshi et al, 2008). Most of 3PL services users agree that logistics costs could decrease even more through strategic relationships with 3PL service providers. Langley et al. (2004) point out that the successful relationship with 3PL service providers will assist the users to achieve their major objective. Customer relationship management is necessary once a 3PL provider first establishes a relationship with a shipper. To keep customers satisfied and coming back, 3PL providers must demonstrate their capabilities and the value these capabilities provider to customers (Wisner et al, 2005). Third-party logistics service providers in China: China has become the most attractive country for more and more foreign investments, manufacturers, and retailers from all over the world, which results in the fast growth of the Chinese economy (Liu, 2008). Accordingly, the development of 3PL has been spurred in China and 3PL industry has achieved significant achievement. Currently, most logistics companies offer extensively various value-added services and have confidence in the continuous development of Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s logistics industry. Many literatures have research the Chinese logistics area from diverse perspectives and some supply chain-related difficulties facing foreign 3PLs are identified. High transport cost It is not deniable that Chinese government has invested a lot in the logistics sector to improve traffic in recent years. However, poor transportation is still considered as one significant challenge for logistics industry in China, which may result in the increase in logistics cost and the decrease in company profits (Lau Zhang, 2006). Li Fung Research Center (2009) notes that the transportation occupies more than 50 percent of the total logistics cost in China, and undoubtedly the operation costs of 3PL service providers will still be ascending due to the price upswing of commodity and fuel. Another culprit is high local road tolls and other hefty transportation fees (Kerr, 2005b). Underdeveloped physical infrastructure Many MNCs find that it is difficult for them to implement coherent strategies in China because underdeveloped transportation system hinders their distribution and sourcing throughout the country (Speece and Yukiko, 1995). Although Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy and industrial production have been developing rapidly, the current logistics system is loaded with new challenges as it can barely keep pace with the growth rate of economy (Carter et al, 1997). The undeveloped logistics infrastructure in China, including deficient highways, aged port facilities, and limited runways and airports, can hardly fulfill the growing logistics demand in the progress of new economy (Pollit, 1998). The insufficiencies of present distribution system have restricted foreign enterprises to immensely exploit the plenty opportunities in Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market (Goh and Ling, 2003). It is thus imperative that the distribution of products and services be supported by a reliable transportation system. The need for guanxi Literally, guanxi means relationship. It is noted that Chinese culture is quite distinct from Western culture in numerous aspects, including the way to conduct business (Jiang and Prater, 2003). Guanxi, which is an important concept for successful business in China, refer to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“relationship between peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Michailova and Worm, 2003). It suggests a conveyable, reciprocal, invisible and useful responsibility to dyadic personal relationships (Luo, 2000). It is not surprising that Chinese prefer to deal with people they know and trust. As Wang et al. (2003) indicated, guanxi which is created on the basis of mutually beneficial can lower risk as well as competition in business circles. Millington et al. (2006) also state that when looking for satisfying vendors, guanxi is more useful than other information from website, trade market or media. This implies that the knowledge and expertise to understand local circumstance and the communication skill with foreigners are absolutely necessary for establishment of a successful cooperation (Lightfoot and Almeida, 2007). Government regulation Kerr (2006) identifies that government regulation is still 3PL providersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ biggest challenge. The development of 3PL in China is obstructed by some barriers such as underdeveloped infrastructure and entrenched regulatory circumstance (Lau Zhang, 2006). In the meantime, various regulations set up by different provinces forcefully influence business activities so that the founding of national networks is hindered (Kerr, 2005). It also has made it difficult for 3PL providers in China to fully meet the requirements of their clients. Moreover, there are many regulations and rules for foreign 3PL providers who plan to enter China logistics market. According to Lai and Hsu (2007), foreign 3PL providers must apply for the class à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? license issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation (MOFTERC) if they plan to establish subsidiaries as international freight forwarders in China. A survey conducted by Li Fung Research Center (2009) also identifies that the regulations and policies associated with logistics industry are not unalterable because the government will supervise the execution and analyze the effect of the existing ones and then will formulate new ones accordingly to boost the growth of the industry. It is true that a number of government departments which are involved in policies related to logistics industry have impact on the rhythm of changing regulation (KPMG, 2008). Local 3PL providers Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s local logistics providers have been growing rapidly because foreign firms are increasingly looking to source there. To contend with foreign logistics providers, domestic companies have to upgrade facilities and enhance their service level (KPMG, 2008). Jiang and Prata (2002) indicate that in contrast with foreign 3PL entrants, local players are always in the close association with local or central governments. For instance, Sinatrans is a state owned company and is the only 3PL service provider in China who can provide a nationwide logistics service with full license. The authors also mention that a number of local 3PL providers at regional level have their own special strength in specific areas or specific business. Some of them even look for individual connection built directly with government officials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which may be valuable in their daily business. Literature review summary This section has reviewed the literature ranging from some fundamental definitions of outsourcing and 3PL, to challenges for 3PL industry globally and especially in China which represents the current situation foreign 3PL providers are facing in China. In table 2.1, we summarize the above referred articles in each of the focus challenges. Table 2.1 No. Main Challenges Sub-challenges Author (Yr) Financial 1 Price pressure Selviaridis and Spring, (2007); Byrne, (1993); Sum Teo, (1999) 2 Financial stability Boyson et al. (1999); Bowersox Daugherty, (1990); 3 High transport cost Lau Zhang, (2006); Kerr, (2005b) Technological 4 Capability of information technology Cheong, (2004); LaLonde and Masters, (1994); Byrne (1993); Qureshi et al, (2008); Rahman, (2004); Sauvage, (2003) 5 Security of information systems Pattel Conners, (2008); Grover et al., (1994); Lacity and Hirschheim, (1993a) 6 Compatibility of information systems Anand, (2010); Arshinder et al. (2007); Rao Young, (1994) 7 Reliability of information systems Bailey and Pearson (1983); Collins, (2005) HRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 8 Lack of expertise Selviaridis Spring, (2007); Leib and Randall, (1996b); Razzaque Sheng, (1999) 9 Different culture Babics, (2005); Pagell (2004); Mckeon (1991); Qureshi et al, (2008); Kremic et al, (2006) 10 Inadequate education and training Kim et al, (2008); Lai and Hsu (n.d.); Capgemini Consulting et al, (2007) Business landscape 11 Globalization of 3PL market Arvidsson, (1997); Cheong, (2004); Lemoine et al, (2003); Bottani and Rizzi (2006) 12 The need for guanxi Jiang and Prater, (2003); Michailova and Worm, (2003); Millington et al. (2006); (Lightfoot and Almeida, 2007) 13 Local 3PL providers Jiang and Prata (2002); 14 Government regulation Lai and Hsu (2007); Kerr, (2005); Kerr (2006); Lau Zhang, (2006) 15 Underdeveloped physical infrastructure Speece and Yukiko, (1995); Carter et al, (1997); Pollit, (1998); Goh and Ling, (2003)

Alexander The Great Has Truly Shaped And Inspired The...

Alexander the Great has truly shaped and inspired the entire world as one of the greatest and most successful military leaders in history. Alexander has influenced many writers, as he is included in the national literatures of some eighty countries. At the age of just thirty, Alexander had conquered what was known as oecumene (the inhabited world). Alexander the Great has become worldly recognized and lives on to this day as a modern hero who took on, conquered the world and spread Hellenic culture. Alexander III of Macedon was born in the royal palace in Pella, the capital of Macedon, in July 356 B.C. The people of Ancient Macedonia were considered to be â€Å"barbarians† or backward foreigners from a Greeks perspective even though the Macedonians spoke and followed Greek culture. Alexander was born three years into the great military commander of King Philip II’s of Macedon’s reign and Olympias, a princess who belonged to a strange religious cult, from the neighbouring country of Epirus. The two were very passionate and dynamic characters, and their traits and actions shaped their son’s destiny along with his tutors Aristotle, Lysimachus and Leonidas of Epirus. Demosthenes in 341 BC stated, â€Å"Philip is no Greek†¦ He is a filthy wretch from Macedonia,† . The Macedonians were clearly hated by the Greeks and the country was considered to be a peasant, farming state. Defeating these stereotypes about Macedonians, Alexander lived the priv ileged life of a young prince in the royalShow MoreRelatedThe Sistine Chapel Essay2464 Words   |  10 PagesItalian Renaissance. Every year millions of people travel to the Vatican to see this impressive work . 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Information Systems and their Importance to Springfield Hospital

Questions: 1. In order to help SAH Management, define what Information Systems are and briefly explain how information systems are Important to Future Operations at SAH. 2. Identify and list the Specific Business and System Problems faced by SAH and list these Problems in order of Priority. 3. What are the Key Information requirements of SAH? For each Information requirement you have Identified, discuss how this Information would Enhance or Improve SAHs Competitive Position. 4. Which Specific Information system(s) can help SAH in Managing their Business problems, making business decisions and fulfilling the information requirements identified in the previous question? Be specific in how they will help in these areas. 5. Explain how SAH could strategically utilise the Internet, intranet and extranet to engage with key stakeholders and fulfil Communication and Collaboration requirements. 6. Change Management is an important concept to Business Organisations. How could SAH best Manage the Organisa tional changes that would occur with the Implementation of the Information Systems changes you are proposing? 7. For various Stakeholders at SAH, including its Customers and Employees, what are some of the possible security and ethical issues that may arise with the Introduction of their Information System. Answers Introduction Business organizations vary in size and in the type of products or services they offer. Effective handling of data and coordination of departments in the organization is an ideal aspect that determines staff performance and service delivery. Technology has to be incorporated in the conventional processes of the organization to ensure customers are served to the expectation and to help management and staff work as a unit. The Knowledge of information systems is, therefore, important in assessing how efficient the operations of a business can be with the integration of technology in their activities. 1.Information systems and their importance to Springfield Animal Hospital Information systems have integrated a network of components that coordinate in collecting, storing, processing data and delivering information, knowledge or products (Wallace, P.2014). The adoption and use of information systems for Springfield Animal Hospital will make it easy for the different animal sites to work as a team, management will be able to monitor progress, consistency in pet records, instant feedback, and notification for meetings, accurate staff data and quick processing of payrolls. Proper utilization of information across the animal sites will encourage more people to take their pets for grooming and accommodation. Online booking of services and consultation will increase the customer base because through the internet more people learn about their services. Information systems are classified according to the use of information in the organization (Wigand, R.2003 ). Modern business demands the application of informatics to address the need for information management and business functions. The two categories of information systems identified are; operations support system and management support system (Alter, S. 2002). Operations support system facilitates the update of the organizations central database, controls production, supports transactions and ensures effective internal and external communication. Operations support system is further categorized as; transaction processing system, process control system and Enterprise collaborative system. Management support system, on the other hand, presents information to managers to take action. In this information system, information is put in a specific format to help managers in the decision making process. Management support system is also categorized into; management information system, d ecision support system, expert system and accounting information system (OBrien, J.A. Marakas, G.M, 2011). Springfield Animal Hospital has to install the various information systems in particular departments to help both management and staff in their performance of tasks. 2.Problems faced by Springfield Animal Hospital Various business and system problems are facing Springfield Animal Hospital which needs to be addressed in a specific order of priority they are; Records of the number of pets and the site they are located, staff records and files, records of equipment and customers of the organization: A system that ensures all data is stored is stored safely and in a secure environment. The sites owned by Springfield Animal Hospital should have the ability to share information. The organization should be able to hold regular meetings and realize effective communication channels. Automation of supplies and consumables to the sites has to be effected. The organization requires an online platform to enable them to get feedback from customers and for online booking of services. 3.Key Information Requirements The organization should have information on the number of pets in the sites, names of the owners of pets being groomed or accommodated and the location in which the pets are located. This knowledge is important because customers feel part of the firm and confident of the services offered. An online platform gives information on how customers rate the services. Feedback and comments from customers are part of the relevant information that management use to adjust and satisfy customers. Information on staff and their welfare are necessary to ensure a supportive working environment is created for them to perform better. Motivation to work can be transferred to customers having a good perception of the organization. 4.Information System Suitable to SAH The operations support system is essential in addressing the information needs of business using the collaboration system which encourages team effort across the departments. This system information will be shared across the various sites and improve their services. Management information system will be critical in helping management to make everyday decisions that improve service delivery and performance of staff. 5.Strategic Use of Internet, Intranet, and Extranet The Internet is a world-wide network of computers accessible to people who have their Internet Protocol (IP) address that shows the location of their computer. SAH can use the internet to come up with an online platform where the company is advertised, and customers can request for services or comment on the type of services they received. The intranet can enable staff to access internet services within the company which helps different departments to coordinate and shares information consistently. Extranet services will allow the SAH sites located outside the main premise to operate on the organizations intranet and keep them in touch with the main offices. All these networks enhance teamwork and performance (Koh, S. Maguire S. 2009). 6.Organizational changes during information systems implementation The adoption of information system requires change management strategies to retain continuity and relevance (Pugh, D. S. 2009). The important changes are; embarking on training staff for them to have relevant knowledge in using a computer and adjusting to operating with the new system. Management should hire technical staff with experience in information systems to implement the changes. The gradual orientation of customers into the online platform is also necessary for them to shift and get used to the new system. 7.Security and Ethical Issues Unauthorized staff can access data files and cause a security threat to confidential information that belongs to management. Staff with ill intentions can easily manipulate data in their favor. I t is important for each department to be in control of their files by having a password to minimize interference. Computer systems also have to be protected against physical damage and disruption of normal operations. They should be placed in safe places and undergo regular technical repair (Schmidt, A. 2012). Ethical issues that arise with the introduction of information systems include; access to personal data that causes invasion of privacy ob both staff and management and the tendency to copy information from the system instead of staff carrying out a recent study to come up with original work (Winston, M. Eldebach, R. 2014). References O'Brien, J. and Marakas, G. (2011). Management information systems. 1st ed. New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Alter, S. (2002). Information systems. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, Nj: Prentice Hall. Wallace, P. (2014). Introduction to information systems. 2nd ed. Pearson. Wigand, R. (2003). Introduction to business information systems. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer. Pugh, D. and Mayle, D. (2009).Change management. 1st ed. London [etc.]: SAGE. Koh, S. and Maguire, S. (2009).Information and communication technologies management inturbulent business environments. 1st ed. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). Winston, M. and Edelbach, R. (2014).Society, ethics, and technology. 1st ed. Boston, MA:Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Schmidt, A. (2012).Security and privacy in mobile information and communication systems. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer.